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Talk with your seller about what to trade for the credits. Be sure to look over the trade window before accepting it! Make sure you’re getting the amount agreed upon, and that you’re trading an item you can part with. Buy Rocket League Credits Cheap. Rocket League credits are the premium currency players buy with real money. According to Bloomberg, the volatility is in part because of a Reddit campaign to pour huge amounts of money into the stock. GameStop’s 75% gain through Friday comes after it more than doubled.
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The investor who helped direct the world’s attention to GameStop, leading a horde of online followers in a bizarre market rally that made and lost fortunes from one day to the next, says he’s just a normal guy.
“I didn’t expect this,” said Keith Gill, 34 years old, known as “DeepF—ingValue” by fans on Reddit’s WallStreetBets forum and “Dada” by his 2-year-old daughter. He said he didn’t set out to draw the attention of Congress, the Federal Reserve, hedge funds, the media, trading platforms and hundreds of thousands of investors.
“This story is so much bigger than me,” Mr. Gill told The Wall Street Journal in his first interview since the unboxing this week of a volatile new stock market game. “I support these retail investors, their ability to make a statement.”
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To many of them, Mr. Gill—who until recently worked in marketing for Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co.—is the force behind the triple-digit gains in shares of the videogame retailer GameStop, up more than 900% this year through Thursday. On Wednesday, the stock jumped 135% to $347.51, a record, before plunging to $194 a share Thursday as online brokerages clamped down. At the start of the year, GameStop shares went for around $18.
Many online investors say his advocacy helped turn them into a force powerful enough to cause big losses for established hedge funds and, for the moment, turn the investing world upside down.
Mr. Gill posted a screenshot of his brokerage account Wednesday, showing a roughly $20 million daily gain on GameStop shares and options. “Your steady hand convinced many of us to not only buy, but hold. Your example has literally changed the lives of thousands of ordinary normal people. Seriously thank you. You deserve every penny,” replied one Reddit user, reality_czech.
The next day, Mr. Gill posted another screenshot—showing about a $15 million loss. After Thursday’s market close, his E*Trade brokerage account, viewed by the Journal, held around $33 million, including GameStop stock, options and millions in cash.
“He always liked money,” said Elaine Gill, his mother. As a child, she said, “he would get money from those scratch tickets that people didn’t know they’d won. People would throw them on the ground…A lot of times there was still money on them.”
Mr. Gill’s online persona—he goes by “Roaring Kitty” on YouTube—has drawn tens of thousands of fans and copycats who share screenshots of their own brokerage accounts. As the GameStop frenzy peaked this week, hundreds of thousands of new investors downloaded applications like Robinhood to join the action, according to Apptopia Inc.
Mr. Gill said he wasn’t a rabble-rouser out to take on the establishment, just someone who believes investors can find value in unloved stocks. He never expected to have a legion of fans debating his identity online, or millions of dollars in his trading account, he said. He was just a dad with an online hobby and a plastic kiddie slide on the front lawn of a Boston suburb.
Mr. Gill began investing in GameStop around June 2019, he said, when it was hovering around $5 a share. Earlier that year, the game retailer was hunting for its fifth chief executive in a little over 12 months. Mr. Gill kept buying. Although he never played much besides Super Mario or Donkey Kong, he saw potential for the struggling retailer to reinvigorate itself by attracting new customers with the latest videogame consoles.
“People were doing a quick take, saying GameStop was the next Blockbuster,” he said, a chain caught in a retail decline. “It appeared many folks just weren’t digging in deeper. It was a gross misclassification of the opportunity.”
Mr. Gill, tall with shoulder-length hair, opened a YouTube channel last summer, and he worked in the basement of the home he rents in Wilmington, Mass., to avoid disturbing his daughter after bedtime, he said. On his channel, he touted GameStop and Belgian beers. His favorite is Delirium Tremens.
On a recent YouTube live-stream, he wore a red headband and aviator sunglasses while fielding questions on stocks. He poured himself Prosecco then switched to beer as he celebrated big gains and gave shout-outs to legions of viewers and traders in a seven-hour-plus extravaganza. The stream has tallied more than 200,000 views.
Mr. Gill’s obscene username on Reddit’s WallStreetBets forum is supposed to reflect a belief in value investing—buying shares of companies that are inexpensive relative to the underlying business.
Among his many Reddit fans, Mr. Gill “will go down as the greatest legend in the history of WallStreetBets,” said Jon Hagedorn, a 34-year-old training supervisor based in Ronkonkoma, N.Y. “He’s the original OG.”
The stock’s wild ride, seemingly divorced from standard measures of corporate value, has spurred complaints that individual investors banding together to provoke this kind of frenzy amounts to market manipulation. The Securities and Exchange Commission has said it was monitoring volatility in the stock and options markets. Mr. Gill said he hasn’t heard from the SEC.
“The first thing that I had asked him when this craziness started was: is this illegal or anything dishonest? He said, ‘No mom, it’s not,’” recalled Ms. Gill, who lives in Brockton, Mass., where she Steve Gill raised their son.
In high school, Mr. Gill was a distance runner, and he earned national honors on the team at nearby Stonehill College, where he graduated in 2009 with an accounting major. He ran a four-minute mile until sidelined by an Achilles injury.
Mr. Gill moved to New Hampshire for a few years and found a mentor, an investor and software developer his aunt introduced him to. He holds a designation as a Certified Financial Analyst and said he was drawn by the complexity and challenge of stock picking, which became an outlet for the energy he once put into running. He started working at MassMutual in 2019.
In the summer of 2019, he started building his position in GameStop and would post screenshots of his E*Trade account’s options positions on WallStreetBets forum. “Holy s— bro, what made you drop 53K on GameStop?” one trader posted about one of Mr. Gill’s screenshots in September 2019.
In the months that followed, he posted regularly, putting up a “GME YOLO update,” a reference to GameStop’s ticker and the mantra “you only live once.” He showed off gains in the five- and six-digits, and times when his investments plunged.
Mr. Gill stuck with GameStop, and his wagers became day-trader lore.
To fans, he tapped into the desire by millions of amateur investors around the U.S. to try their hand at stock trading. Trading fees have fallen to zero, and apps allow investors to buy and sell on their phones. The easy market access is augmented by an online community swelled with eager helpers.
Many first-time investors stuck at home in the pandemic said they found solace in chatting with others online about trading stocks or options, as well as hearing from those making profitable bets.
The discourse isn’t always positive. An off-Reddit chat room associated with WallStreetBets is filled with obscenity, racism and antigay screeds. Many on the platforms lash out against Wall Street power players, and some express a desire to see the financial pros reel from losses.
“I’m not out for anybody,” Mr. Gill said. “Roaring Kitty was an educational channel where I was showcasing my investment philosophy.”
Many on Wall Street disagreed with Mr. Gill’s bullish view on GameStop and have taken a big hit as a result. Hedge funds and other investment professionals piled into wagers that the shares would tumble.
To bet against a stock, hedge funds borrow shares and sell them, hoping to buy them back later at a lower price and return them. That allows them to pocket the difference between the prices. But when a shorted stock stages such a dramatic rally, it turns painful, often forcing them to exit from the positions by purchasing shares at a loss. In turn, that can inspire sharp gains in stocks, known as a “short squeeze.”
The bearish positioning of hedge funds was part of what drew many small GameStop investors, anticipating a short squeeze. Mr. Gill said his investing strategy didn’t entirely depend on a short squeeze, but he knew others were potentially betting on it.
So far, the professionals have been wrong, giving a win to Mr. Gill and other individual investors who bet big on GameStop. Hedge funds like Melvin Capital Management and Maplelane Capital were the ones burned, as well as jeered by boastful Reddit investors.
Many others have piled into GameStop, trying to ride the rally “to the moon,” as many Reddit investors say. Individual investors have also piled into shares of companies like AMC Entertainment Holdings Inc. in the hopes of catching similar momentum and making a quick buck.
GameStop has garnered hundreds of thousands of posts over the past month across Reddit, Twitter and Facebook, according to data this week from Meltwater, a global media intelligence company. As the stock has vaulted higher, its shares have traded in a frenzy, making it one of the most popular bets in the U.S. market in recent days, according to Dow Jones Market Data.
Seasoned traders are starting to take into account the behavior of influential investors like Mr. Gill and others.
Mark Sebastian, founder of Chicago-based Options Pit and options trader for around 20 years, has developed a screener analyzing reams of stocks to spot those with heavy activity from individual investors. He buys or sells options based on which stocks are gaining momentum, trying to ride the wave higher or lower. Recently, this included AMC, though he said he wasn’t a fan.
“We’re trying to get on these names before they completely take off,” Mr. Sebastian said, calling one recent trade “free money.”
Mr. Gill said his life has changed overnight and hasn’t set his future plans. He would like to continue the “Roaring Kitty” YouTube channel, maybe buy a house. “I thought this trade would be successful,” he said, “but I never expected what happened over the past week.”
He has one dream in mind. “I always wanted to build an indoor track facility or a field house in Brockton,” he said of his hometown. “And now, it looks like I actually could do that.”
Write to Julia-Ambra Verlaine at Julia.Verlaine@wsj.com and Gunjan Banerji at Gunjan.Banerji@wsj.com
Real money trading (RMT) may not be something you read about in your high school economics class, but it's something every massively multiplayer online gamer encounters every day. If the buying and selling of virtual goods using real money isn't something actively encouraged by the game itself, you at least hear horror stories about gold farmers causing prices of in-game goods to go up, or find eBay auctions of in-game items for crazy-huge sums of money.
Earlier this month, the topic of real money trading in MMOs made some ink when a South Korean Supreme Court acquitted two Lineage gamers of criminal charges related to selling in-game currency for actual money. At issue in that case was whether or not the gamers had violated a South Korean law against unsanctioned gambling; but by clearing them of the charges, South Korea effectively legitimized RMT in MMOs.
Don't quit your day job to take up Epic Gear brokering in World of Warcraft just yet, though; RMT is still a sore point for many game developers. In particular, you'll find that games like WoW frown on RMT within their End User License Agreements (EULA) or Terms of Service documents. People who violate those pieces of paper may not go to jail -- but Blizzard can sue the pants off them for breach of contract (not to mention ban your account altogether).
Rutgers University law professor Greg Lastowka explains the legal side of the RMT issue as a case where first, the game developers have to decide how vigorously they want to regulate RMT and second, where players might consider violating the game's EULA because RMT really pays off.
'Most game companies are concerned about the trade of real money for virtual property because they see it as a potential way of creating liability for them,' Lastowka tells GamePro. 'If [fraud] occurs in a virtual world, the game is in the middle, the game company has to be dragged into litigation. So if players can have property rights and legal claims to their virtual property, I think that scares game companies for the most part.'
However, as long as there is no criminal law on the books with a country's government -- like the anti-gambling statute that sparked the South Korean case -- it's all on the game companies to go out and find people who violate their EULAs by engaging in RMT.
This is apparently quite the pain in the ass. Scan eBay auctions right now for Epic Gear in WoW (a game that explicitly bans the sale of in-game items for real money), and you'll find dozens of in-game things for sale, even fully leveled characters ready to be handed over to the highest bidder. Even without Blizzard responding to our request for comment on this story, we can just imagine how much of a headache it would be to keep track of every auction site and track back every contract violation to the actual perpetrator and then sue them for breach of contract in whatever country they're based.
Lastowka sympathizes with game developers' plight. 'Many companies decided that they weren't going to vigorously go out and try to shut down people who are trading real money for virtual property,' he said. 'The can say 'we don't care whether or not you trade virtual goods for money' and in a way with Ultima Online, Electronic Arts basically turned a blind eye to those kinds of trades.'
This attitude among game developers is where RMT turns into a gray area instead of a clear-cut contract violation. 'If the company says you're not allowed to do this while you're on our servers and then they do it, they're liable for contract violation, right?' Lastowka says. 'But some lawyers think that breaching contract in some situations can be socially beneficial. That's called 'efficient breach.' Real money trading is not illegal in the same way that the government says you can't sneak into someone's house and steal their stuff. That's clearly illegal -- but [RMT] is not criminal. It's only illegal in the sense that you could land in court if [game developers] decide to sue you and most of them won't.'
Finding RMT's place within MMOs gets more complicated than EULAs and lawsuits, though. Game developers have to consider whether or not it might actually benefit their company to allow RMT -- and then take a cut of the virtual transactions. Lastowka explains that this is what's going on with Live Gamer in all Sony Online Entertainment games. By moving in as a third party that operates like an online auction site behind the scenes within all microtransaction-based MMOs, Live Gamer is basically engaging in a one-way RMT exchange that benefits both it and SOE -- and the user as well, because it's clearly stated that nobody will sue them or ban their account for paying money to own better items.
A game company could go even farther with RMT and build it directly into the game for users to control. This is how Second Life and Eve Online have always handled virtual transactions; and both companies are enormously proud of the economies that have grown up in-game around RMT.
Linden Labs sent us this statement when we requested comment on their reaction to the South Korea ruling: 'Real money transfers have always been acceptable in Second Life. Linden Lab released this morning that Resident cash outs for 2009 were $55 million USD -- an 11 percent growth over 2008. More than 50 people earned more than $100,000 USD each and the top 25 accounts earned a combined $12 million USD.'
All that money is certainly nothing to sneer at; but it's also something a developer has to work hard to keep track of. We caught up with Eyjolfur Gudmundsson, Lead Economist at Eve Online developer CCP; as far as we can tell, he's the only full-time economist whose job it is to monitor an in-game economy. Even before CCP brought Gudmundsson on in 2007, the Eve Online economy was growing at an amazing rate as users latched onto the RMT mechanics built into the game.
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'All that you needed to make [the economy] work was to get as many people as possible into the game world so that people could specialize,' Gudmundsson explains. 'They actually managed to do that early on. In 2004, they already had 50,000 people online. Today with more than 330,000 subscribers we can say with full confidence that this is an economy that is driven by the players. In economic terms, we can say that the players make the decision on what to produce, for whom to produce, and when to produce it. These are often stated as basic principles of economics and that decision is made by the players, not by CCP.'
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Gudmundsson says that the economy in Eve Online follows basic economic principles, even though there aren't real-life economic constraints like the need to buy food for your character to survive. For example, if the player base shoots up, but there aren't enough in-game resources to accommodate them, prices go up; if users get more efficient at mining resources to the point where there's plenty to go around, prices go down.
'The problem I have seen with real money trading to date is that it is often or in most cases it is related to using exploits, hacking, using illegal methods to acquire these items in games,' Gudmundsson explains. 'Therefore, [RMT] has gotten a really bad reputation.'
Issuing a blanket ban on RMT, however, isn't something Gudmundsson sees as entirely practical for an MMO developer or even a government to enforce. Not only is it 'one hell of a monitoring problem' to keep up with every transaction that goes on both inside and outside of a game, he says, but RMT is sort of something that comes with the MMO territory.
'In general, players tend to exchange items between them,' Gudmundsson says. 'If you design a game that has at least two individuals within that game and those individuals can exchange items -- I give you this and you give me that -- you can rest assured there will be a market developed whether you like it or not.'
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Instead of RMT being a legal issue or a financial incentive for MMOs, Gudmundsson says it should be a game design issue. 'You have to think about it if your world is supposed to be an open world or a closed world,' he says. 'In an open world, you exchange and [trade] items but since it's an open world, you are restricted [by] real life regulation.'
A closed world game, however, doesn't have to use real life rules because it's not supposed to be real life. 'It's like going to a theater,' Gudmundsson explains. 'You're living in an alternate universe. And therefore it's important that those worlds be kept apart, that they can work and function by themselves. The restrictions would then be that those games cannot exchange the items outside of the game, even though players can still exchange with in the game -- this is completely different. So when people are thinking about these game transactions, they have to make a distinction between open world on the one hand and closed world on the other.'
Ultimately, defining and regulating RMT all comes down to the game developer on the legal side, the financial side, and the gameplay side. With rulings like the one in South Korea this month attracting the attention even of gamers who can't balance a checkbook, turning a blind eye to RMT might not be an option anymore.
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